Miscellaneous Vocabulary

One      

Two

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

Eight

Nine

Ten

Eleven

Twelve

Thirteen

Fouteen

Fifteen

Sixteen

Seventeen

Eighteen

Nineteen

Twenty

Twenty-one

Twenty-two

Twenty-three

Twenty-four

Twenty-fivr

Twenty-six

Twenty-seven

Twenty-eight

Twenty-nine

Thirty

Forty

Fifty

Sixty

Seventy

Eighty

Ninety

Hundred

Thousend

Million

Billion

Ten thousend

Hundred thousend

Ten million

Hundred Million

100                                         A hundred

1000                                       A thousend

100,000                 A hundred thousend

1,000,000                             A million

100,000,000                        A hundred million

1,000,000,000                     A billion

½                                             A half/ One half

1/3                                         A third/ One third

¼                                             A quarter/ one quarter/ one fourth

1/5                                         A / One fifth

1/10                                       A / One tenth

¾                                            Three quarters/ Three fourths

3/5                                         Three fifths

0.2                                          Nought point two / zero point two

2.35                                        Two point three five

Some Symbol Meanings

©            Copyright symbol

®             Registered trademark

TM         Trademark symbol

X             Cross

“              Ditto

√              Tick

&            Ampersand, and

/              Slash, stroke

$              Dollar

+             Plus

X             Times

÷             Divided by

˚              Degrees

‘               Feet

@           at

               *              Asterisk, star

                …..          Dots, ellipsis

                £              Pound

-          Minus

                =             Equals

                “              Inches

                .               Point

                %            Percent

Imperial Units

1 inch                    2.5 cm ; (inch = in.)

1 foot                    30 cm ; (foot = ft.)

1 yard                    90 cm ; (yard = yd.)

1 mile                   1760 yards, 1.609 kilometers

5 miles                 8 kilometers

1 furlong              220 yards, 201 meters

11 sq. ft.               1 sq. meter

5 acres                  2 hectares

1 sq. mile            2 sq. km.

1 ounce                                28 gm. (ounce = oz.)

1 ponud               450 gm. (pound = lb.)

2.2 pounds          1 kilogram (kg.)

1 stone                 6.4 kg. (=14 pounds) ; (stone =st.)

Hundredweight                               (in Britain ) 112 pounds) (in the US) 100 pounds (hundredweight = cwt.)

1 tonne                                1000 kilograms

1 ton                      1) 1016 kg.(= long ton) 2) 907 kg. (= short ton) 3) 1000 kg. (=metric ton)

1 pint                    (In Britain ) 0.6 litre, (in the US) 0.5 litre ; (pint = pt.)(point)

1 quart                  (In Britain) 1.14 litres (in the US ) 0.95 litres ; (quart = qt.)

1 gallon                                (In Britain ) 4.5 litres, (in the US ) 3.8 litres; (gallon = gal.)

1 bushel               (In Britain) 36.4 litres (in the US) 35.2 litres

2 pints                  = 1 quart ; 4 quarts = 1 gallon ; 1 gallon = 8 pints.

THE NOUN : KINDS OF NOUN

The Noun :-  Noun is a naming word. It is a name of person, place, thing and animal.

Kinds  of Noun:- There are five kinds of Noun in English.

1.       Common Noun

2.       Proper Noun

3.       Collective Noun

4.       Material Noun

5.       Abstract Noun

1.       Common Noun :- When the way of thinking is same for a name the Noun will be common. Or a Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.

For example:-

Person :-  King ; Man ; Thief ; Woman ; Friend ; Author ; agent  etc.

Place:- Counry ; City ; Twon ; Village ; Room ; Field ; House ;  etc.

Thing :- Table ; Pen ; Pencil ; Shirt ; Door ; Gate ; Colour etc.

Animal :- Cow ; Dog ; Bitch ; Ewe ; Wolf ; Tiger etc.

     Important Points :

·         Common Noun always use as singular but we can use it as plural .

·         Common Noun is always countable.

·         Article ‘A/an’ always used before Singular Common Noun. But for making a Specific Common Noun, we use article ‘The’ with Common Noun.

·         Always use small letter for a Common Noun spelling.

·         Below the list of some common count Nouns :

Accident;                     dream;                 judge;                   newspaper

Adult;                            effect;                  lake;                      problem

Battle;                           election;              machine;             product

Beach;                          engine;                 magazine;           scheme

Castle;                          idea;                      meal;                     shock

Cigarette;                    issue;                    message;             smile

Country;                      job;                        minute;                                task    etc.

2.       Proper Noun :- When the way of thinking is defferent for a name from person to person the Noun will be proper. Or a Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place. For example :-

Person :- Jack ; Tom ; Rohan etc

Place :- India ; United Kingdom ; Caneda etc.

Thing and Animal are not proper itself.

3.       Collective Noun :-  A collective Noun is the name of a number or collection of person or things or animals taken together as one whole.

For example:- Person :- Crowd ; Mob ; Team ; Army ; Jury; Family etc.

                            Place :- Nation ; Country ; State etc.

                            Things :- Bunch ; Heap ; Lock ; Flight ; bouquet etc.

                         Animals :- Herd ; Team ; Hive ; Swarm ; Litter ; Flock etc.

We can use Collective Noun as like :

-          A herd of deer

-          A shoal of fish

-          A stock of geese

-          A pair of shoes

-          A bunch of flowers

-          A gang of robbers

-          A flock of sheep

4.       Material Noun :-  Material Nouns are the names of thing/ matter to which we can not count. They mainly denote Substances.

Material Noun have three situations :

1.       Solid :- iron ; Gold ; Silver ; Copper ; Bronze ; Steel etc.

2.        Liquid :- Oil ; Milk ; Water ; Tea ; Coffee etc.

3.        Gas:- Oxizen ; Nitrogen ; Carbon-di-oxide etc.

5.  Abstract Noun :- Nouns to which we can not see and touch but we can feel them are called Abstract Nouns. As like Quality ; Action ; State etc.

PARTS OF SPEECH

Before we understood about part of spech ; we must need to know more about nature of sentence. For understand about sentence we copare it with a family.

Comparison : -

Family  ----> Member ----> 1. Nature ; 2. Function ; 3. Position

Sentence ---->Words ---->1. Nature ; 2. Function ; 3. Position

Part of Speech :- Words which are divided into different kinds or classes, according to their use, are called parts of speech.

 The  parts of speech are eight in number :-

1.       Noun                     2. Pronoun                          3.  Adjective                       4.  Verb

5.    Adverb                 6. Preposition                    7. Conjunction                   8.  Interjection

1. Noun :- Noun is a naming word. As like these are nouns – Person name ; Place name ; Thing name ; Animal name etc.

2. Pronoun :-  Words which are used in place of Nouns are called Pronouns

3. Adjective :- Words which are used to say something extra about Nouns and Pronouns are called Adjectives. eg:- He wore a white (Adj.)coat.

4. Verb :-  Word which are used to express an action or state are called Verbs.

5. Adverb :- Words which are used to add something to the meaning of a verb an adjective or another adverb are called Adverbs. For an eg. –

He solved(V) the equation quikly (Adv.)

She ran (V) fast(Adv.)

This flower is very (Adv.) beautiful (Adj.)

She spoke very (Adv.) loudly (Adv.)

(Note :- Adverbs are never use for Noun)

6. Preposition :-  Words which are used with Noun or Pronouns to create reletionship with other words. As:- A cow is grazing the tree (It is not possible);

But right sentence is : A cow is grazing under (Prep.) the tree.

The tree is the field. (It is not possible)

But right sentence is : The tree is in (Prep.) the field.

( Note : Preposition use before Article)

7. Conjunction :- Words which are used to join words or sentences are called Conjunctions.

As :- Tom and Jack are good friends.

         Three  and three make six.

         She tried hard but failed.

In all above sentences use with ‘and’, ‘but’ ; these are Conjunctions.

8. Interjection :- Words which are used to express some sudden feeling are called Interjections.

As :- Hurrah ! I have won the match.

        Alas ! She is no more.

        What ! You have lost your last chance.

We use in all above sentences- ‘Hurrah!’, ‘Alas !’, ‘What !’ ; these are Interjection words.

HOMONYMS

1. Accede - (Agree) eg. –He did not accede to my request
Exceed - (Surpass ; to be greater then ) eg. – The precis should not exceed 150
worlds.
2. Access - (Approach ; reach ; admittance )
eg. – I have no approach to the Managing Director.
Excess - (Superabundance ; more then due)
Excess of everything isbad.
3. Accept - (Take )
Please accept my application.
Except - ( Leaving out )
Every student except Ram was pesent.
4. Adapt - (Suit ; Accustomed to )
He has now learnt to adapt himself to the local conditions.
Adept - ( expert ; skilful )
She is adept in painting.
Adopt - (take up)
I have adopted my brother’s son.
5. Affect - ( to pretend ; to act upon)
This does not affect me.
Effect - ( as verb it means accomplish, or carry into practice ; as noun it means
result)
What is the effect of this medicine ?
6. Addition - (putting more ; adding )
This is an addition to your share.
Edition - (a number of books printed at one time.)
This is the first addition of my book.
7. Alter - (change.)
I can’t altar my programme.
Altar - (place of offring in a temple or church.)
Put your offering s on the altar.
8. Allusion - (indirect referance.)
Make the allusion clear.
Illusion - (a deceptive apperance.)
The world is an illusion.
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9. Apposite - (proper ; suitable)
He made some very apposite abservations on your system of education in his speech.
Opposite - (standing in front of or contrary to.)
Our school is opposite the church.
10. Assent - (agreement ; concurrence .)
I have already given my assent to your proposal.
Ascent - (going up.)
This hill has a sharp ascent.
11. Antic - (odd ; strange.)
This is an antic piece of art.
Antique - (ancient ; old-fashioned.)
The church has an antique magnificence.
12. All - ( to be ill.)
He has beenailing for over a week.
Ale - (a drinks)
He drinkscountry ale.
13. All together - (in a body )
They come all together.
Altogether -( completely.)
This is altogether a lie.
14. All ready - (all things or persons are ready.)
We are now all ready to go.
Already - (before this time.)
I have already returned his book.
15. Ark - (covered floating vessel.)
Noah saved himself and his tribe in an ark.
Arc - (a part of a circle.)
The moon is in the shape of an arc.


16. Amiable - (lovable)
She is a girl of amiable nature.
Amicable - ( Friendly.)
Let us come to an amicable settlement.
17. Bale - (package of goods.)
I have taken delivery of a bale of clothes.
Ball - ( Security.)
The suspect has been released on bail.
18. Berth - (sleeping place in a train.)
I have bookes two berths.
Birth - (coming to life.)
Today is my son’s birth-day.
19. Bare - ( uncovered.)
Don’t go bare-footed.
Beer - ( A kind of drink.)
He drank a glass of beer.
20. Beach - (shore)
Let us go for a walk on the beach.
Beech - (a kind of tree.)
Beech tree grows on the Himalayas.

Structure of sentence

Structure of sentence    

Structure of sentence is a study in component parts of sentence.in order to compose a good sentence,the most important thing is to master the art of arranging words,phrases and clauses in their most effective setting. So it essential to understand the definition,meaning and attributes of some of the necessary parts of a sentence.

1.SENTENCE

A meaningful combination of words having subject and predicate is called a sentence. Sentence is understood in two way , for sentence making first need Subject, Verb, Object.

Sentence = Subject (Noun;Pronoun) + Verb + Object (Noun;Pronoun)

Noun, Pronoun and Verb are require for making a meaningful sentence. Sentence formation is easy if we read and study more about these structure because for the make subject or object, is require Noun/Pronoun.

Without Subject sentence is known as Predicate – like  Sentence (-) Subject = Predicate.

Subject use always before Verbs and Verb + rest part of sentence = Predicate.

How identified the Subject :- Answer of Noun/ Pronoun is always What and Who, and these Noun/ Pronoun decide Subject and Object but for Subject these use before Verbs.

eg. Sai Baba is worshipped everything.

The question is arrives that Who is worshipped everything? We say or the answer is above. In this sentence “Sai Baba” is a Subject and “is worshipped everything “ is Predicate.

Exercise:

Devide the following Sentences into subject and predicate:-

1.     The girl wearing a green frock is my cousin.

2.     The earth revolves round the sun.

3.     A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.

4.     All the boys and teachers of our school take part in games.

5.     Sweet are the usage of adversity.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

There are four kinds of sentences –

(i)                Affirmative Sentence – The sentence making a statement whether in affirmative or negative is called an affirmative sentence. Like –

·        The earth moves round the sun (Affirmative)

·        The earth is not flat (Negative)

(ii)              Interogative Sentence – A sentence that asks a question s called an Interogative Sentence. Like –

·        What is the matter ?

·        Who does not love his country ?

·       
Do you know his name ?

(iii)            Imperative Sentence – A sentence that expresses a command, a request, and entreaty or a wish is called an Imperative Sentence. As like –

·        Never surrender. (Command)

·        Lend me your book, please. (Request)

·        Help me, O God. (Entreaty)

·        Live long. (Wish)

(iv)            Exclamatory Sentence – A sentence that expresses some strong or request, and entreaty or sudden feeling is called an Exclamatory Sentence. As like –

·        What a horrible scene it was !

·        How hot it is !

Exercise :-  Say in the case of each of the following sentences whether it is Affirmative, Interogative, Imperative or Exclamatory –

1.     No man can serve two masters.

2.     Mind your own business.

3.     What a fool you are !

4.     Please let me work.

5.     Would you mind waiting for a few minutes ?

PHRASE :-

Averbless group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a Phrase. For eg. –

·        This writer is a man ‘of great wealth’.

·        He has worked ‘to my satisfaction’.

·        He was a megistrate’in those days’.

·        ‘Thinking good thoughts’ makes a good man.

In all above sentences which use with the under line are Phrase.

CLAUSE :-

A group of words having a subject and a predicate of its own but does not have complete meaning is called a Clause. For eg. -

·        When she returned to India, we asked her many Questions.

·        No man can become rich unless he works hard.

·        A man who is courageous is respected everywhere.

·        Nobody expected that he would die.

In all above sentences which use with underline are Clause.

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES :

There are three classes of sentences from the structure point of view –

(i)                The Simple Sentence : A sentence having only one finite verb (main verb) is called a simple sentence.

eg. – We met a girl with blue eyes. ;

          She expected to win a prize.

(ii)              The Compound Sentence : A sentence having two or more independent principal clause, these clause are joined by coordinnate conjunctions, is called a compound sentence.

eg. – The way was long and the night was could.

          Either she is foolish or she is mad.

(iii)            The Complex Sentence : A sentence having a Principal Clause and a subordinate clause is called a Complax Sentences. These sentences have subordinate conjunction to join them together.

eg. – He arrived before the performance began.

          We returned when the sun set.